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The A to Z for Digital photography
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A
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Aperture
Mechanism behind the lens that controls the amount of light entering the camera. The aperture not only influences picture brightness but also regulates depth of focus. Most cameras are equipped with an iris aperture that can be freely adjusted or set according to pre-selected values.
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AC adapter
Mains adapter. Enables the connection of the digital camera to the mains electricity supply.
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ADC
Analogue-Digital Converter. Hardware that converts analogue information into digital data. (AD-Conversion)
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AEB
Auto Exposure Bracketing
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AiAF
Artificial intelligence Auto Focus. By Canon developed Dual Autofocus System
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Akkupack
in a portable, external housing enclosed battery. It is used as an additional power source for extending the capacity/time of use from a device (f.i. Camera, Flash)
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Algorithm
A set of processing or working instructions that, because of their high precision, can be carried out independently by a mechanical or electronic device. Algorithms are, for example, the set rules for addition and subtraction etc. However, they are also the instructions that are established in a programming language. Algorithms simply allow the computer to solve particular problems. In image editing, algorithms are used to alter images, e.g. 3-D Cubic Algorithm. (TruePic)
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Aliasing
Pixel-shaped curves on the diagonal edges of objects. This can sometimes occur since all graphics consist of individual pixels. Anti-aliasing reduces this unwelcome effect by recalculating the contrast values of the neighbouring pixels and matching them up with each other.
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Analogue
Opposite of digital. Analogue data merges continuously into each other without clearly defined steps. (E.g. the colours of a rainbow are not obviously separable from one another.)
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Adapter Ring
The adapter ring is a conversion lens adaptor that is mounted on the cover surrounding the lens. It is used in when a coversion lens cannot be mounted directly on the camera. By using this adapter, you will be able to use filters that do not exactly match the camera lens diameter. For details of supported cameras and diameters of the conversion lens adapter, refer to our customer support page.
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APO
Definition for apochromatic corrected lenses (mostly made of fuorit-glas). Apochromatic corrected lenses have the property of breaking the beams of light so that the red, green and blue beams/waves exactly will meet on the same point and therefor there will not be any chromatic abberation.
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APS
Advanced Photo System. Developed together by five companies, this film system is distinguished by simple operation, a new picture format (16 x 30 mm) as well as a choice of three picture formats. Additional information (such as exposure, aperture and date) can be recorded on the magnetic strip of the APS film. However, APS is not digital photography.
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AVI
Audio Video Interleave. Standard file format from Microsoft (and therefore for Windows computers). It is used for saving video sequences with or without sound.
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Additive colour mixing
Describes a colour system that is based upon the addition of the three additive primary colours (red, green and blue). For example, colour televisions and computer monitor displays use the principle of additive colour mixing.
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AF confirmation mark
Mark displayed on the monitor when the subject is in focus. Press the shutter button halfway to focus on the subject. This mark appears when the subject is in focus. The subject is not in focus if this mark is flashing. Release the shutter button and press the button halfway again.
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AF metering field
Spot or area in the frame marking the position where the autofocus system takes readings to set the focus.
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AF MODE
A function used to switch between the camera's auto focus modes. The camera has two AF modes. [iESP] detects the subjects in the entire picture, determines the primary subject and decides on the focusing point. In [SPOT] mode, the camera will focus only on the AF target mark in the center of the screen.
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Aperture Priority
In this mode, the user can adjust the aperture and the camera automatically selects the best shutter speed to match it. In most cameras, the Aperture Priority mode is denoted by the letter “A”. Shutter Priority.
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ASIC chip
A chip designed for a specific application. They are used by cameras to quickly process the captured image data.
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ATA-Flash-Cards
Space-saving integrated plug-in memory cards.
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Average metering
A special exposure metering technique that measures the average light intensity across the entire frame.
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Auto bracketing
Using this mode, a series of shots – each adjusted to a different exposure value – is taken in succession. This is very useful in tricky lighting conditions where it is difficult to assess the settings. After all shots have been taken, the best may be selected and the others deleted. (Exposure correction)
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Auto flash
One of the flash modes. When the flash mode is set to [AUTO], the camera sets off the flash according to the ambient light conditions. When the flash goes off, the shutter speed will be fixed at a value that is less prone to camera movement blur.
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Autofocus (AF)
Automatic focus adjustment. There are basically two main AF methods: the focus detecting method, (or passive autofocus) usually employs a CCD and works by evaluating the amount of contrast or the phase difference in a scene. Distance metering (or active autofocus) utilises an (infrared) light emitter and receiver in a triangular surveying system. Alternatively, the camera may use ultrasound (sonar) and measure the time taken for the sound signal to return. This data is converted by a microprocessor into information about distance and thereby enables the automatic focusing of the lens.
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Autofocus illuminator
Some cameras are equipped with an AF illuminator which assists the normal autofocus in poor lighting conditions by illuminating the subject. In this way, the regular passive AF system (e.g. contrast detecting / phase differential method) can determine the correct focus settings – even in dark surroundings.
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Automatic Program
Within a programm automat the diaphragm and the shutterspeed according to the lightconditions are automatically set. On most cameras indicated with the symbol "P".
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[AVAILABLE LIGHT]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. It sets the flash mode to flash-off but still allows you to take pictures in dark places. Higher ISO sensitivities will be used automatically to permit the use of faster shutter speeds so as to avoid camera and subject blur. Picture size may be limited.
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AD conversion
Analogue-Digital conversion. In order to process an analogue signal (e.g. a photo) in a computer, it must first be digitised (converted into a specific mathematical format of binary code). Pictures are usually digitised with the help of a digital camera or a scanner.
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B
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Backlight
Light coming from behind the subject. When light from behind is the main source of light, the subject is backlit.
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Banding
Depiction error often occurring in dark sections of an image when shooting with a high sensitivity setting. Smooth lines of brightness or colour look like bands of brightness or colour.
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Batch
In computer technology this notion is used together with batch editing files. These are small programms which carries out series of orders automatically.With that it is possible to rename at the same time a large file with pictures, copy, delete and so on without doing every step to every single picture.
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Battery pack
Also called power pack. Rechargeable battery protected by casing. It provides camera, external flash, etc, with additional power.
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[BEACH & SNOW]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Use this setting when taking pictures of the ocean with a clear sky or a snowy mountain.
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Binary
This is the name given to the representation system of numbers consisting solely of the figures 0 and 1. Just like the ten figure decimal system (0-9), in the binary system, larger numbers are made up by combining the numbers 0 and 1.
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Bit
Binary digit. The smallest digital unit that can show only two states, 0 or 1. 8 bits produce one byte.
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Bitmap
A representational form for a digital image in which each bit in the computers memory corresponds to one dot on the screen or printer.
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Blackboard/ Whiteboard
These two picture effects record images using only pure black and white to heighten the image’s contrast value. This makes them ideal for capturing text.
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Blooming
The opposite of noise; an image error that has been more or less eradicated in the newer digital cameras. It describes the “overflow” of electrical charges between the individual sensors on a CCD element.
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Bluebox
A process from television and movie production. Actors stand in front of a coloured wall, usually painted blue. Later, a different background is put in for the blue areas on the recorded image, giving the impression that the actors are e.g. on top of a mountain, although they never left the studio.
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Bluestitch
Affected with a blue color
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Bluetooth
Standard introduced by Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia and Toshiba for wireless, radio-wave communication between different devices. Unlike the infrared data transfer method, which is also wireless, Bluetooth does not even require visual contact between the communications devices.
It operates on a frequency of 2.4 GHz and offers a regular transfer rate of 1 Mbit/s. Its normal range is 10 metres.
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Blur
There are many reasons why a subject may appear blurred in a picture. Blur may occur if the subject is moving too fast (subject blur), or if the camera is not stable or moves while the shutter button is pressed (camera blur). Camera blur and camera movement may occur more frequently even at the same shutter speed when using the zoom or a lens with a long focal length.
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Bridge-Kamera
A bridge camera makes a bridge between a compact camera and a single reflex camera (SLR), it has a single reflex viewer but no exchangeble objectivs.
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Browser
Describes a program used to display information, especially on the internet.
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Buffer (Buffer memory)
A form of temporary memory (RAM) where images are saved briefly before being written to the storage media. This type of memory is necessary because memory cards are comparably slower due to their architecture and cannot save the files at the speed the camera produces them. Buffer memory is particularly helpful when shooting sequence photos.
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Bug
Describes a programming error. This can be removed by correction or rewriting the program codes.
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Bug-Fix
Removing a software error by means of a small additional program.
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Bulb mode
Long exposure mode. In bulb mode, the shutter stays open as long as the release is held down. This allows exposure times of several minutes or even hours. However, in some models, the bulb mode is limited to a number of minutes regardless of how long the release is held.
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Burst mode
Another term for sequence mode or continuous shooting.
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Bus
Internal interface for data transfer between individual system components such as microprocessor, memory, etc.
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Byte
Binary data packet made up of 8 bits. A byte can represent values between 0 and 255. It can depict 256 symbols, numbers or colours. In the computer field, larger byte size is described using the prefix letter for the abbreviation of the exponent of 2. Therefore:
1 Kilobyte = 1 KB = 1,024 bytes
1 Megabyte = 1 MB = 1,048,576 bytes
1 Gigabyte = 1 GB = 1,073,741,824 bytes
1 Tera-byte = 1 TB = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes.
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C
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Calibration
The reciprocal balancing or tuning of input and output devices to receive a matching value. In this way, the colours on a monitor can be matched with the printer’s colours. (Colour management)
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CAMEDIA
The name given to the Olympus Digital Imaging products.
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CAMEDIA Master /CAMEDIA Master Pro
CAMEDIA Master software allows easy, straightforward processing, editing, organising and printing of digital still and video images. Using the software, images can be joined together to create panoramic scenes. Thumbnail overviews make it easy to find individual photos. The Pro version offers additional advantages: the creation of presentations with sound effects and music, which can be saved as movies; HTML photo albums for inclusion on websites.
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Camera shake
A major cause of unclear pictures, this unwanted movement is caused by involuntary hand and body tremors jarring the camera.
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Candela
Unit of illumination (cd). 1 cd is 1/683W per steradian.
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[CANDLE]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. Use this setting when taking pictures under the lighting of a candle or an incandescent lamp. Also, some camera models automatically increase the ISO sensitivity to prevent camera movement blur.
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Card adapter
Device in which the memory card can be inserted for transferring the data on a memory card between a PC Card slot and disk drive to the computer.
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Card drive
Device which has the possibility for the use of one or more different memory cards and appears as a computer drive. On the computer the pictures kan be moved between computer and drive and the pictures kan be removed from the memorycard.
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Card reader/ writer
Device that accepts memory cards and, through connection to a computer, allows data to be transferred between the media and PC.
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Cast
When a colour of one type is in excess in a picture, such as too much yellow or red. Often appears if the wrong white balance setting is used.
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Catchlight
Reflection of light in a person's eyes. In portrait pictures, facial expressions appear brighter and livelier if catchlights appear in the subject's eyes. To consciously create catchlights, you can shine light on the subject using a flash or use a reflector.
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CCD
Charge-Coupled Device. A light sensitive semiconductor that converts received light into voltage according to the level of brightness. It is used as a chip or line sensor in digital cameras and scanners. (progressive CCD, video CCD)
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CD-R
Compact Disc Recordable. CD on which data can be saved (at intervals if desired) but not deleted. Besides the standard size of 12 cm diameter, smaller versions of 8 cm are also available.
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CD-RW
Compact Disc Rewritable. Compact disc that can be re-written around 1,000 times. Besides the standard size of 12 cm diameter, smaller versions of 8 cm are also available.
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Chip
General description for integrated circuits whose components (e.g. transistors, diodes, resistors) are mounted on a small plate of the semiconducting material silicon.
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CIE
Commission Internationale de l´Eclairage. An international standard commission for colour metric measurements. The set standards are the basis for the colour definition in DTP standards.
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Circular-type
A type of filter that can be attached to the lens. This is a circularly polarized type of PL filter. Modern digital cameras often use a polarizing half mirror system for metering and auto focusing functions. These functions may not function properly when a normal PL filter is used. In such a case, a circularly polarized type of PL filter must be used.
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Closest focus range
Shortest distance on which can be focused.
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CMOS
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. Light sensitive chip. Different to CCDs, the pixel elements on the CMOS are read individually.
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CMYK
Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Key/Black. These are the printer colours used to create colour prints.
(Subtractive colour mixing)
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Codec
Short for Decompressor/Compressor. Algorithm for compression and decompression from images (pictures and videos) and/or music.
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Colour area
Spatial description off all colours respectively colour nuances, which a certain device (digital camera, monitor, printer) can assimilate respectively describe. The colorspace enlarges according to the colourdepth.
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Colour depth
This refers to the maximum number of colours that can be recorded by digital cameras and scanners or that can be displayed by graphics cards. A true colour representation can be achieved at a colour depth of 8 bits per primary colour, that is a 24 bit colour depth. In this case, 256 bits are available for one pixel. With an RGB signal, this value is then multiplied by a factor of three so that a total of 256 x 256 x 256 = 16,777,216 colours can be displayed. High-end scanners, graphic cards etc. provide a minimum colour depth of 24 bit.
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Colourmanagement
The calibration of all peripheral devices that feature in the production of colour images (monitors, scanners, colour printers etc.). For example, by using a colour management system, the data from a scanner is converted into values for a standard colour range. The data is then arranged so that the printer can produce good colour prints.
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Colour noise
The incorrect reproduction of colour on an image, e.g. dots on an area which is supposed to be pure white. (Noise)
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Colour stitch
When a picture has a colour stich, a colour part is unnatural strong pronounced.
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Colour temperature
Describes the spectral energy distribution and thereby the colour quality of a light source. The temperature of a colour is given in Kelvin (K). It is important to choose the correct temperature so that a subject can be photographed in its true colours. The spectrum that can be seen by the human eye lies between approx. 2,790 K and 11,000 K.
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Color value size
The color value size indicates the differences between the lightest and darkest parts which are shown on the picture
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Compactcamera
Small, easy to use camera with built-in, not changeable objectives and a viewfinder
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Compact digital camera
Smaller dimensions and reduced weight make these easy to handle models ideal for travel and everyday use.
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CompactFlash card
Rewritable removable memory or function card developed by SanDisk in 1994. In contrast with SmartMedia or xD-Picture Card technology, it has a built-in controller. The newer CF type II (CF/2) cards are 5 mm thick, the CF type I are only 3.3 mm thick.
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Compatibility
The ability of data, programs (software), and equipment (hardware) to run and/or work together. This allows for the individual components to be put together to form a system.
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COM port
Describes the serial interface of a computer. Often used to connect devices such as digital cameras to a computer. ( USB)
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Composition
The process of adjusting framing, camera position and/or focal length to make the subject a visually pleasing photograph.
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Compression
Data may be compressed to reduce storage (memory) space or transmission times (= reducing the amount of data). Well-known compression standards include JPEG and MPEG.
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Computer controlled flash
Almost all compact or grip-type flashes are computer controlled. They set their intensity by directing a sensor at the subject, thus gathering the information from which the flash duration can be attained. The light sensor often gathers the data through the cameras lens. (TTL)
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Contrast
The degree of difference between a subject's tones, which is a function of its inherent shades and colors and also the quality of light.
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Conversion Lens
A conversion lens is a lens that is mounted on the lens tip for the purpose of changing the focal length of the lens. It is mainly used for cameras that cannot change lenses. Types of conversion lenses available include: a macro lens for taking close-up shots; a wide-angle lens that allows you to shoot wider angle shots; and a telephoto lens that lets you take long-distance pictures by extending the focus length. For details of supported cameras and lens models, refer to our customer support page.
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CPU
Central Processing Unit. The main processor of a PC (personal computer).
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Cross Filter
A type of filter that can be attached to the lens. It creates an effect that makes the light appear to radiate from the source.
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Cross-button
Special operating element. By altering the point of pressure, a single button is all that is needed to choose various menus or select and activate functions.
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CRT
Cathode Ray Tube. Electron guns inside the tube send beams onto the front surface of the tube, causing it to glow, creating a display. (LCD)
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CR123A
3V lithium battery with a standard size of 34 x 16.5 mm, also called DL123A in America.
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CR2016
Defined as Lithium one time use button batteries with the standard size 20 x 1,5 mm and Nenn voltage from 3V. Used with digital cameras as backup battery for saving Date and Time.
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CR2032
Defined as Lithium one time use button batteries with the standard size 20 x 3 mm and Nenn voltage from 3V. Used with digital cameras as backup battery for saving Date and Time.
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CR-V3
3V lithium battery with a standard size of 52 x 14 x 28 mm. Olympus description: LB-01E.
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[CUISINE]
A preset setting on the camera. It is one of the selections for the [SCENE] function. It is suitable for taking pictures of food with vivid colors. The camera is set automatically to macro mode allowing you to get really close to the subject.
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D
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Data security
A collective term used for any measure to protect and store files as well as programs for an extended period of time.
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Daylight Synchronization
When you take pictures during the day, this allows you to illuminate objects that are shadowed without sacrificing objects that already have enough light. A good example of this is when you take pictures of backlit people. It is most effective when the flash is not too strong and acts as a fill light.
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DCF
Design Rule for Camera File System – an industry standard for saving digital images. This not only determines the file type, but also sets the rule for naming the folder and file structure. It allows the conversion of uncompressed TIFF files into compressed JPEG files. This JPEG file is of the Exif type and can contain camera information such as the date and shooting parameters. (Exif, DPOF)
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Dead pixels
Dead pixels do not react at all (unlike hot pixels) and can be seen in the resulting image as black spots.
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Decoder
Opposite of encoder, decompresses f.i. a Video
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Default settings
When the battery has been removed for a long time, the settings of functions including Record Mode and white balance stored in the camera will be returned to the factory default settings. Default settings represent a status that is almost the same as these factory default setting. The camera will be returned to the default settings when the power is turned off, but settings such as date and time will be retained. For details on the default settings, refer to the camera's instruction manual.
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Depth of field
The spatial area in a shot that is in focus. The depth of field is influenced by the aperture size, the lens’ focal length and the point of focus. Also called depth of focus.
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Dia
Short for Diapositiv film. Also known as two-side film. The dia film is a photografic emulsion, transferred to a carrier and through projection (f.i. with a dia projector) or retro-projection can be seen.Dia-films need a special turning development (so the chemicals used are not the same as for negative-films) where there can not be a color traffic...
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DIGIC
Short for Digital Imaging Integrated Circuit. By Canon especially developed processor for the camera internal Photo development for the own company models. The Digic-Signalprocessor takes over sic key functions, Image structure automatic exposure/focus/white balance, Signal editing, JPEG Compression, removable memory card management and managing the LCD.
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Digital
Opposite of analogue. Digital information is made up of a limited number of gradations (e.g. 256 colours, 8 bit). The change from one digital element to the next is always “step by step” and not continuous.
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Digital Album
Mobile buffer from the brand Nixvue.
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Digital ESP
Digital Electro-Selective Pattern. The employment of a selective multi-zone metering system ensures an optimal exposure even in difficult lighting conditions. While simple multi-zone systems work out the average exposure from readings throughout the frame, the digital ESP system analyses the distribution and degree of brightness to see which of a range of scenarios the picture best matches (e.g. a shot with strong backlight or sunset). It then adjusts the settings accordingly. (Exposure metering, spot metering, reflected-light metering, light metering)
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Digital tele
Thanks to special algorithms, some digital cameras are able to provide a zoom effect by re-calculating the captured image data. However, enlarging an image in this way also means reducing its picture quality.
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Diopter
Unit for measuring a lens’ refractive power. In photography, the term is used with close-up lenses and corrections to the viewfinder to adjust it to the user’s eyesight.
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Diopter lens
Optical accessory, which is screwed in front of the objective of the camera and functiones as a magnifying glass. Opposite of the macro converter only the image standard will be changed; the closest focus range will not be shorter. The factor of magnification will be indicated in dioptre(s).
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Dioptric adjustment
The adjustment of the viewfinder to the photographer’s eyesight (unit: dpt).
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Direct print function
The ability to print digital pictures without the need for a computer.
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Dispersion circle
Dispersion circle originate when there is a blur in the picture and is the deviation from the projection of a pixel on the motiv in the sensor. From the side of the objective there is on the motiv for every pixel a lightcone which point hits the sensor during focussing.In the case focussing is not possible, the point wil be broken of and be projected all over the sensor. At a certain deviation the cone point to the sensor level, which will be projected as a circle, indicated as blurred, so this is the dispersion circle.
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Dot pitch
Used with monitors, it indicates the distance between individual dots. The smaller the distance between dots, the sharper the image. Good monitors usually have a dot pitch of between 0.25 and 0.27 mm.
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Download
Describes the process of receiving data, usually via either a mailbox, the internet or another device like a digital camera to a PC (data transmission).
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dpi
Dots per inch (1 inch = approx. 2.54 cm). A measuring unit in printing to describe the geometric resolution of an image.
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DPOF
Digital Print Order Format. A format introduced by the photo industry that enables images stored, for example on SmartMedia or xD-Picture Card, to be accessed directly by certain printers and copiers as well as allowing simpler professional treatment by photo labs.
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Drive Mode
One of the functions related to the action of the camera when the shutter is released. It includes sequential shooting and AF sequential shooting. With some camera models, self-timer and auto-bracketing settings are also added.
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Driver
A small program that allows communication between the application program and a certain device, for example a printer or digital camera.
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DSC
Digital Still Camera, this shortcut is often used together with product number (f.i. Sony DSC-F707) or in file names (f.i. DSC030011.JPG).
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DSLR
Short for Digital Single Lens Reflex.
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DSP
Short for Digital Signal Processor, electronical Microprcessor for real-time editing from digital signals. A DSP can take over one or more functions (f.i. Autofocus. JPEG compression, Connection ).
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DTP
Desktop Publishing. This refers to the design and illustration of texts and graphics directly on the monitor screen.
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Dual autofocus
From Latin "hybrida" = half-breed, bastard. Combined sytem for auto focus consisting of an active and a passive autofocus.
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DVD-ROM
Digital Versatile Disc. A standard for CD-ROM with a much greater capacity (e.g. 9.4 GB) than a regular CD-ROM.
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DXP
Short for Digital Extended Processor. Definition for certain A/D converters or signal editing parts from Sony.
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Dye-sublimation
Describes a printing method for half-tone images or pictures. This process uses heat to transfer colour from a printer ribbon into paper. The picture quality is exceptional. The CAMEDIA photo printer P-400 ID from Olympus produces A4 size prints within 90 seconds and at a resolution of 314 dpi with up to 16.7 million colours.
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E
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EBV
Short for electronical picture editing. See also: picture editing programm.
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Edit
Menu function that is available when the camera is in Playback mode. Depending on the camera model, picture correction functions such as "BRIGHTNESS" and picture processing functions such as "SEPIA" and "FRAME" are available.
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ED-Lens
Extra-Low Dispersion which indicates a special condition for high quality lenses who can be built in high quality objectives. Lenses from ED-Glas have the special property, to break all colors from the visible lightspectrum equally strong, so there can be reached an extraordinary good representation result (sharpness, chromatical aberration)
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Electronic viewfinder
The electronic viewfinder consists of a small LCD which displays the picture seen though the lens, just like with a regular SLR. This is achieved with the help of the CCD which continually sends the captured image information to the electronic viewfinder. As a result, composition is much easier because the photographer is shown the very same image seen by the camera. Furthermore, shooting data, such as picture number and settings, may also be displayed here.
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Encapsulated Postscript
see EPS
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Encoder
Opposite from decoder. Software, which f.i. compresses a video.
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E-mail
A worldwide electronic mail system. Digitised data can be sent almost immediately throughout the world via telephone lines using only a PC. Every email user has his or her own internationally distinct address where he or she can be reached electronically. Files, such as digital pictures, can be sent with any e-mail message.
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EOS
Short for Electro Optical System. Name for Autofocus Singel-Reflex Camera developed by Canon.
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EPS
Encapsulated PostScript. A computer file format based on the PostScript standard. It is supported by most graphic design and page layout programs. In addition to the PostScript code, the EPS file also contains a low resolution PICT.
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E-TTL
Short for Evaluative Through-the-Lens Mode. By Canon developed method for flash exposure measurement and -control. Contrary to TTL-flash control and -measurement, these two separate measure cells (one for the flash light and one for the ambient light) presupposes, becomes with the E-TTL the flash light also through the objective, however through the same measure cell measured as for the ambient light.This makes a precise syntonizing possible between flashlight and ambient light. With E-TTL flash measurement and -control, direct before de main flash and before the real exposure fires an ultra short (for the human eye not visible) measuring pre-flash, which an adjusted and capable electronic in camera and flash becomes.Therefor the E-TTL system will only function with the corresponding Canon cameras and flashes.
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Exif
Exchangeable image format. A standard for image files created with digital cameras and other input devices. Exif files can contain either uncompressed TIFF or compressed JPEG images and can hold data about the camera and settings employed. Using special programs, the information saved can be shown. Exif 2.2 saves even more information, such as the shooting mode, white balance and flash settings used. Compatible printers can then intelligently apply this data to produce optimal printed results.
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Exposure
During exposure, the sensors on the CCD (or chemicals on the film in analogue models) are subjected to the light outside the camera for a certain time.
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Exposure control
Describes how the shutter speed and aperture are controlled by the camera. This can be either automatic: fully automatic, programmed auto and scene program; as well as semi-automatic:
Aperture Priority, Shutter Priority or manual: full control of the aperture and shutter.
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Exposure correction (compensation/ control)
Conscious deviation from the value ascertained by the light meter. The change can be made manually (under- and overexposure) or through the programmed auto exposure control.
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Exposure time
The length of time for which the shutter is open.
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F
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FAQ
Frequently Asked Questions.
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File
A set of data that has been arranged according to specific rules. Files are managed in the computer by the operating system and can be stored long-term on an external storage medium.
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File format
Describes the contents of files. Common file formats include <txt> for a text file, <eps> (Encapsulated PostScript) for PostScript, and <tif> for ”TIFF”-images.
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Fill-in Flash
One of the flash modes. When the flash mode is set to [AUTO], the camera sets off the flash according to the ambient light conditions. However, when the subject is darkened due to backlight, the flash may not automatically go off. Set to [Fill-in Flash] to set off the flash regardless of brightness.
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Film sensitivity
The information is given in an ISO value, which replaced the earlier DIN and ASA (American Standard Association).
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Filter
1. A transparent, mostly coloured sheet of glass or plastic that can be placed in front of a lens to create a certain effect.
2. An option in an image editing program that enables certain adjustments to the picture, e.g. colour and brightness or foreshortening.
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Filter screw-thread
On the frontside of an objective (or on a special adapter) there is a special filter screw-thread for connecting filters.
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Firewire
Serial data transfer interface with a transfer speed of up to 400 Mbit per seconds (50 MB per second). Sometimes known as an IEEE1394 interface. Features some of the characteristics of USB, such as Plug & Play and the connection of up to 64 devices.
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Firmware
Software contained in ROM that manages the camera’s operation.
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Fisheye lens
Having a viewing angle of 180°, these lenses can provided a very surreal image. Can be divided into diagonal types which provide a frame-filling picture; or circular lenses which project a round image on the frame.
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Fixed focus
Fixed focus cameras do not have autofocus systems. The focus and aperture have been set so that everything within a certain distance is captured clearly. However, the drawback is that they do not have a very close focusing range and only a small aperture.
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Flare
A camera lens is a combination of several lenses. Flare is caused by the stray reflections inside the lens of strong light sources like direct sunlight, making the picture duller. It occurs as the result of taking pictures against backlight (or semi-backlight).
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Flash
Produces a large amount of light for a brief moment to illuminate the subject. Modern flashes work with glass discharge tubes. Computerised camera flashes can measure and automatically control their intensity by means of a sensor directed at the subject. (Guide number)
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Flash duration
The camera’s flash synchronisation ensures the flash is emitted while the shutter is open.
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Flash Film Scanner
Attachment for certain digital cameras that digitises 35 mm negatives, and slides. (Film scanner)
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Flash Off
One of the flash modes. When the flash mode is set to [AUTO], the camera sets off the flash according to the ambient light conditions. However, flash photography may be prohibited in some locations. You can avoid accidentally setting off the flash by setting the flash mode to [Flash off].
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FlashPath Adapter
Permits the trouble-free transfer of digital images saved on SmartMedia cards to a PC. The storage cards are inserted into the adapter and then in the computer’s disk drive.
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Flash range
The distance needed to be covered by the flash to give the subject optimal illumination. This can be calculated using Lambert’s law. As the distance from the light source is doubled only a quarter of the original amount of light will reach the subject. (Guide number)
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Flash-ROM
A type of memory storage that can retain information even after the power has been switched off. Unlike conventional ROM, the contents of a Flash-ROM can be deleted and rewritten with the help of a pre-programmed electrical current. Therefore, a Flash-ROM is a combination of RAM and ROM.
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Flash synchronisation
Co-ordinates the opening of the camera’s shutter with the time and duration of the flash. Some cameras allow you to synchronise the beginning or end of the shutter (“first curtain” and “second curtain” flash respectively).
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Flexizone-Autofokus
By the Canon company originaly developed autofocus system for camcorders, where -opposite to multiple-area-autofocus-systems- not on fixed point but at discretion will focus automatically. The choice from the measure points will made either automatically or (the camera tries to find out on which point which the main motiv is) and/or manualy (with cursor buttons or a joystick).
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Focal length
The distance between the centre of the lens system and the film or CCD sensor, i.e. where the image is in focus. Normal focal length gives an image impression roughly corresponding to that of the human eye (about 50 mm in conventional film cameras and about 7 mm in digital cameras with a 1/3” CCD).
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Focal length multiplier
Uses anybody on a digital camera an objective, which originally.
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Focusing
Adjusting the position of the lens elements to bring the image into focus, i.e. so that it is clear and sharp.
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Focus Lock
One of the focusing techniques that are available. In general, the camera performs focusing and metering when the shutter button is pressed halfway. The focus and exposure will be fixed for as long as you continue pressing the shutter button halfway. Then, move the camera to your desired framing and press the shutter button down all the way. Use this technique when no subject exists at your desired focusing point.
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Format
In computers this refers to the type of file, such as JPEG, TIFF or DOC. In photography and other areas it also refers to the two dimensional size of an image. In compact cameras, the photos typically have a ratio of 3:2 (Format: 36 x 24 mm). With digital images, the ratio is normally 4:3 but can be changed to 3:2 in some cameras. For prints, the format means the size of the print out, such as 9 x 13 cm, 10 x 15 cm, 13 x 18 cm.
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Frame assist
Some camera models display gridlines on the LCD monitor to assist you in deciding the picture composition. There are also camera models that display horizontal and vertical gridlines on the monitor, while other models display them in the shape of a cross.
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Freeware
Software that is free to use and pass on but not sell. Unlike shareware, there is no need to register the software.
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Front Light
It means that the light source is behind you (the photographer). The light comes from in front of the subject, so the exposure setting automatically determined by the camera can normally produce good pictures.
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FTP
File Transfer Protocol. Protocol for transferring files between computers and the Internet.
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Full automatic
In this mode, the camera not only controls the aperture and shutter but all other settings (e.g. flash).
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G
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Gamma correction
A process whereby contrast values are optimised.
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Ghosting
A camera lens is a combination of several lenses. Ghosting is caused by the stray reflections inside the lens of strong light sources like direct sunlight. It occurs as the result of taking pictures against backlight (or semi-backlight).
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GIF
Graphic Interchange Format. A popular file format for computer graphics.
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GIMP
Short for:"GNU Image Manipulation Programme". Under GNU General Public Licence sold free Picture Editing Progamme
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Glossy
Photo paper (conventionel or Inkjet paper) with a glossy surface.
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GPS
Global Positioning System. The GPS receiver uses satellites to let you determine the exact longitude, latitude, and height above sea level anywhere on earth.
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Green stitch
Affected with a green stitch.
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Grey scale
A scale of shades ranging from white to black. Devices that can only display data in black and white translate colour differences into various shades of grey.
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Guide Number
Value for the maximum power of a camera flash based on a film with an ISO of 100. Built-in camera flashes have a guide number (GN) of approx. 10 – 20, compact flashes between 20 – 40, and the GN for grip-type flashes is between 45 – 60.
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H
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Half-Press
When the shutter button is not pressed down all the way, but is stopped halfway down. Normally, the shutter button is pressed in two stages. The first stage adjusts the focus and the light is metered to adjust the shutter speed and aperture value. While in this state, the focus and metering value are set.
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Hard drive /disk
Device for the permanent storage of programs and information that remain after a computer has been turned off.
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Hardware
All actual physical computer components such as the computer itself and peripheral devices like monitor, mouse, printer, digital camera, etc.
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Hi Colour
Describes an image having at least 32,000 colours. (True Colour)
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Histogram
A graph that shows the brightness distribution (by depicting the distribution of dark and bright pixels) for a scene. The data can be used to judge the exposure of the picture. Histograms are sometimes found in high-end digital cameras.
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Homepage
First page of an Internet site.
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Hotline
The technical customer support centre.
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Hot pixels
Faulty pixels which are always on, causing a white spot in the image, usually slightly larger than one pixel in size.
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Hot plugging
The connection and uncoupling of external devices while the PC is running. Restarting the computer is unnecessary. Requirements: USB, and the relevant operating system.
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Hot shoe
A clip-on connector for an external flash system (or accessories like remote controls or flash adapters) usually found on the top of the camera. It has two metal brackets and normally one or several electrical contacts in the centre to allow communication between the camera and flash. If it has no contact, this is an accessory shoe. The flash also features a hot shoe contact and normally a locking mechanism to prevent it falling out of the shoe.
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HQ resolution
High Quality resolution. Description for high digital photo quality.
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Html
Hypertext markup language, a file format used in the World Wide Web.
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http
Hypertext transfer protocol: transmission format and communication basis for the exchange of data in the Internet.
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Hyper focal setting
The hyper focal is a certain distance, with whom you get the depth of field; the hindmost focal point is allways at infinity. Wenn the camera uses a fixed aperature and a fixed focal length and also to this two parameters fitting hyperfocal distance has been adjusted, everything halfway from hyperfocal distance to infinity will be in focus.
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I
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Image capacity
The number of images that can be taken before the storage medium needs to be replaced.
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Image compression
In order to store digital pictures economically, the image data is compressed. However, compression often causes a reduction in picture quality.
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